Phytochemical Profiling and Evaluation of Antibacterial, Antifungal, and Antiproliferative Activities of Alpinia galanga Rhizome Extracts

Abstract

Alpinia galanga, a rhizomatous herb from the Zingiberaceae family, has long been recognized for its therapeutic properties. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial, antifungal, and antiproliferative activities of A. galanga rhizome extracts and to identify the bioactive compounds responsible for these effects through GC-MS analysis. The antimicrobial activity was assessed using the agar well diffusion method, with the ethanolic extract demonstrating the most potent antibacterial effects, particularly against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coliwith zone of inhibition ranges (5-6.7 mm). The antifungal activity was also significant, with the methanolic extract showing inhibition against Candida albicans and Aspergillus flavuswith zone of inhibition 17.83 and 8.33 mm respectively. The antiproliferative activity of the ethanolic extract was assessed using the MTT assay, revealing a concentration-dependent reduction in cell viability, with an LC50 value of 103.539 µL. GC-MS analysis of the n-hexane extract identified five major phytochemical constituents, including 9,12-octadecadienal, a compound known for its anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities. The presence of (R)-lavandulyl acetate, primarily recognized for its flavor and aroma, further supports the diverse bioactive potential of A. galanga. The results highlight the therapeutic potential of A. galanga rhizomes, particularly the ethanolic extract, as a promising source of natural antimicrobial, antifungal, and antiproliferative agents. These findings provide a foundation for the future development of A. galanga-based therapeutic agents, with further studies required to isolate and characterize the individual compounds and explore their mechanisms of action.