Identification the early components of metabolic syndrome and some hematological test alteration related to cigarette, water pipe and dual smoking among young healthy adults: cross-sectional study

Abstract

Introduction: Tobacco epidemics permitted premature death and disability due to pathophysiological alterations related to distinct smoking patterns through cigarettes or waterpipes; the latter became as prominent as cigarettes. The preliminary intentions of this study were to explore the mutual correlation of metabolic syndrome (MetS) elements with alterations in some hematological, renal, and hepatic function biomarkers due to different tobacco smoking patterns, including cigarette smokers, waterpipe smokers, and dual smokers.
Methods: A total of 100 participants were equally distributed among non-smokers, exclusive cigarette smokers or water pipe smokers, and dual smokers that were recruited in Raparin district in this cross-sectional study from from 01-09-2022 to 20-12-2022. The whole group of participants were healthy, non-diabetic, normotensive, non-alcoholic, and non-coffee drinkers. A complete blood test (CBC), body mass index (BMI), lipid profile index, blood pressure, glucose hemostasis, liver enzymes such as aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT)], renal excretes [involving creatinine and urea] were measured by the Cobas C111 chemical analyzer (Roche Diagnostics, Switzerland) and the Cobas e411 immunoassay analyzer subsequently (Roche Diagnostics, Switzerland). The glucose reagent strips and a Glucometer II (Miles Inc., Diagnostics Division, Elkhart, IN, USA) were used to obtain fasting blood glucose (FBG) readings, which yielded a quantitative test comparable to approved laboratory methods.
Results: Some Hematological parameters including hematocrit (HCT) and red blood cells (RBCs) had a tendency to be lower in smokers’ samples compared to non-smokers, However, White blood cells (WBCs) were higher in smokers compared to non-smoker samples. Lipid profile makers including cholesterol and triglyceride including Triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) low density lipoprotein (LDL) were higher in smokers compared to non-smokers. Fasting glucose and liver function tests including AST, ALT was higher in smokers in comparison with non-smokers.
Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that tobacco smoking directly modulates hemostasis and increases the risk of the development of metabolic syndrome components. Noteworthy, the tendency to develop MetS was more prevalent among dual smokers.