A Comprehensive Study on Erythroderma: Etiologies, Clinical Features, and Histopathological Insights

Abstract

Background
Erythroderma is a rare but potentially life-threatening dermatological condition characterized by widespread redness and scaling of the skin. This study aims to investigate the clinical, etiological, and histopathological characteristics of erythroderma in patients attending the outpatient department (OPD) between August 2013 and December 2015.
Methods
A total of 60 patients with erythroderma were studied. Clinical data were collected, and patients underwent thorough dermatological examination, including histopathological evaluation. The etiology, age, gender, and duration of erythroderma were recorded, alongside associated symptoms and clinical features.
Results
The majority of patients were male (82%), with the highest incidence observed in the age group of 40–69 years. Psoriasis was identified as the leading cause of erythroderma (35%), followed by idiopathic erythroderma (13.33%), and non-bullous ichthyosiform erythroderma (8.33%). Chronic erythroderma accounted for 78.33% of cases, with psoriasis contributing most to this subgroup. Drug-induced erythroderma was most common in cases with acute onset. Itching (86.66%) and systemic symptoms (60%) were the most frequently reported clinical features. Nail changes were observed in 31.66% of cases, with ebonization being the most common alteration. Histopathological findings supported the clinical diagnosis in most cases, though some etiologies, including psoriasis and photodermatitis, presented with nonspecific dermatitis.
Conclusions
This study provides valuable insights into the diverse etiologies and clinical presentations of erythroderma. Psoriasis was the most common cause, while drug-induced erythroderma predominantly caused acute onset. Early diagnosis, careful monitoring, and appropriate treatment strategies are essential for managing this challenging condition.