Obstructive Sleep Apnea: The Expanding Role of Dentistry In Diagnosis And Treatment

Abstract

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is a prevalent condition characterized by upper airway collapse during sleep, leading to hypoxia and systemic complications such as cardiovascular diseases and metabolic disorders. Dentists are uniquely positioned to diagnose and manage OSA due to their routine access to patients and ability to identify oral and craniofacial risk factors. This comprehensive review explores the intersection of dentistry and OSA, emphasizing structural, functional, and systemic factors contributing to the condition. Oral manifestations like bruxism, xerostomia, and periodontal disease are highlighted as critical diagnostic markers.
The review delves into the gold-standard treatment of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP), alongside alternative therapies like Oral Appliance Therapy (OAT) and surgical interventions such as Maxillomandibular Advancement (MMA) and Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP). A detailed discussion on the efficacy and patient compliance of CPAP versus mandibular advancement devices offers practical insights into personalized treatment plans. Preventive measures, including lifestyle modifications and early screening tools like the STOP-Bang questionnaire, underscore the pivotal role of dentists in interdisciplinary care. By addressing both oral and systemic implications of OSA, this review advocates for a collaborative, patient-centered approach to improve outcomes.