Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Health: Mechanisms, Vulnerabilities, and Genetic Factors

Abstract

Air pollution is a major environmental risk factor contributing to the global burden of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) such as ischemic heart disease, hypertension, and stroke. This review examines how pollutants like particulate matter (PM₂.₅), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), ozone (O₃), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), and carbon monoxide (CO) impact cardiovascular health through mechanisms such as oxidative stress, systemic inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction. It emphasizes the role of genetic susceptibility in modulating responses to air pollution, particularly through polymorphisms in antioxidant and inflammatory pathways. The review suggests that precision health strategies, including genetic screening, could address disparities caused by genetic variability and environmental exposure. Incorporating these strategies into public health interventions could help identify vulnerable populations, such as the elderly or those with pre-existing conditions, and tailor interventions accordingly. This approach complements existing mitigation efforts like emission reductions and air quality standards. The integration of molecular mechanisms with public health practices highlights the urgent need for coordinated global policies to reduce the cardiovascular burden of air pollution and ensure equitable health solutions for all populations.