Anemia in Pregnant Women: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Knowledge Gaps in Baghdad’s Primary Healthcare Centers

Abstract

Background: Anemia during pregnancy is a major public health concern, especially in LMICs like Iraq, where prevalence ranges from 32.5% to 53%. Iron deficiency, socioeconomic factors, and limited awareness contribute to this issue. Anemia increases maternal and fetal risks, emphasizing the need for education on prevention. This study examines prevalence, risk factors, and awareness among pregnant women in Baghdad.

Methods: This cross-sectional study, conducted in ten randomly selected PHCCs across Baghdad from March to June 2023, assessed anemia prevalence and pregnant mothers' knowledge of anemia. A two-stage sampling method selected 400 participants. Data collection involved sociodemographic, obstetric history, and knowledge questionnaires. Anemia status was determined using laboratory testing. Responses were analyzed using SPSS version 26, employing descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and logistic regression to identify risk factors. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.

Results: Among 400 participants, 228 (57.0%) had normal hemoglobin levels, while 172 (43.0%) had anemia (24.0% mild, 17.5% moderate, 1.5% severe). Anemia prevalence was significantly associated with younger age, low socioeconomic status, lower education levels, employment, rural residence, and infrequent dietary iron intake (p < 0.05). Obstetric factors like multiparity, irregular antenatal care, history of hemorrhage, and heavy menstrual bleeding were also significantly linked to anemia. Additionally, knowledge about anemia influenced prevalence; 45.8% of those with poor knowledge had anemia, compared to 32.0% with fair and 20.5% with good knowledge (χ² = 11.41, p = 0.003).

Conclusions: This study found a high prevalence of anemia among pregnant women in Baghdad, with limited knowledge identified as a key risk factor. Poor awareness contributes to inadequate nutrition and prenatal care, increasing complications. Targeted education, improved access to iron-rich foods, and quality antenatal care are essential strategies to reduce anemia and enhance maternal and fetal health outcomes.