Formulation, Optimization, and Characterization of Flurbiprofen Loaded Nanoparticles Using Box-Behnken Design for Enhanced Topical Drug Delivery

Abstract

Background: Flurbiprofen, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), is limited by poor solubility and bioavailability, reducing its therapeutic potential. This study focused on the development and optimization of Flurbiprofen-loaded polymeric nanoparticles using the Quasi-Emulsion Solvent Diffusion (QESD) method to enhance drug encapsulation and achieve sustained release.
Methods: Box-Behnken Design (BBD) was employed to optimize critical formulation parameters, including Guar Gum, Sodium Alginate, and Chitosan concentrations. The nanoparticles were characterized for particle size, encapsulation efficiency, and in vitro drug release. Statistical validation through ANOVA and response surface analysis was performed to assess the impact of formulation variables. Predicted and experimental values were compared to confirm the reliability of the optimization model.
Results: Optimized formulation exhibited a particle size of 182.72 ± 1.8 µm, encapsulation efficiency of 93.24 ± 0.2%, and cumulative drug release of 79.15 ± 1.3%, closely matching predicted values (182.744 µm, 92.724%, and 78.00%, respectively). Particle size varied between 175–225 µm, with encapsulation efficiencies ranging from 83.8% to 93.4%. In vitro release studies confirmed a sustained drug release profile, 3D Surface Response and ANOVA analysis highlighted the significant influence of formulation factors on Nanoparticle properties.