A Systematic Review on Problems and Interventions among Patients with Celiac Disease: Implications for the Development of a Comprehensive Assessment Tool

Abstract

Background
Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic autoimmune disorder affecting approximately 1% of the global population, triggered by gluten ingestion. Gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye, leads to an immune response that damages the small intestine’s lining, causing malabsorption of nutrients. Clinical manifestations vary widely, including gastrointestinal symptoms (such as diarrhoea, bloating, and abdominal pain), extra-intestinal symptoms (such as anaemia, osteoporosis, and neurological issues), and psychological impacts (such as anxiety and depression).