Prevention Of Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus In High-Risk Adults Using Lifestyle Interventions In Primary Care Settings: A Scoping Review

Abstract

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major global health concern, with rising prevalence among adults at high risk due to obesity, sedentary lifestyles, and genetic predisposition. Primary care settings offer a strategic platform for implementing lifestyle interventions aimed at prevention.

Objective: This scoping review aims to map global evidence on the effectiveness of lifestyle interventions in preventing T2DM among high-risk adults within primary care and community-based settings.

Methods: Following the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology, a comprehensive search was conducted across PubMed, MEDLINE, CINAHL, AMED, and Google Scholar for studies published between 2000 and 2023. Eligible studies included adults aged 18 and above at high risk for T2DM, and evaluated lifestyle interventions—dietary changes, physical activity, and weight management—delivered through primary care or community channels.

Results: Thirty studies met inclusion criteria, predominantly randomized controlled trials and implementation studies. Combined lifestyle interventions significantly reduced the incidence of T2DM, with sustained weight loss emerging as the most consistent predictor of success. Group-based programs and culturally tailored approaches enhanced feasibility and adherence. However, implementation barriers such as limited resources, staff training, and participant engagement were noted, particularly in low-resource settings.

Conclusion: Lifestyle interventions in primary care are effective in preventing T2DM among high-risk adults. Scaling these interventions requires contextual adaptation, policy support, and sustainable delivery models. Future research should focus on long-term outcomes and strategies to overcome implementation challenges.